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| Chemotherapy Side-Effects/Risks |
Last updated: May 12, 2008 |
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Chemotherapy Side-Effects/Risks |
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Signs, symptoms and indicators | Conditions that suggest it | Contributing risk factors | It can lead to... | Recommendations
Signs, symptoms & indicators of Chemotherapy Side-Effects/Risks: | |  | | | | Symptoms - Nails | Black/brown fingernails | Black line(s) across the nails are common in dark-skinned persons but may also be the result of injury or chemotherapy. |
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Conditions that suggest Chemotherapy Side-Effects/Risks:
Risk factors for Chemotherapy Side-Effects/Risks: | |  | | | | Metabolic | Problem Caused By Being Underweight | As a general principle, when weight loss has occurred or is significant prior to the start of chemotherapy, the survival rate is reduced. The prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy was analyzed using data from over 3000 patients enrolled in 12 chemotherapy protocols. The frequency of weight loss ranged from 31% for favorable non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to 87% for gastric cancer. Median survival was significantly shorter in 9 protocols for the patients with weight loss compared to those without weight loss. |
| Symptoms - Cancer |
Considering chemotherapy or considering chemo/radiation
Recent/past chemotherapy use
Counter-indicators:
No history of chemotherapy |
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Chemotherapy Side-Effects/Risks can lead to:
Recommendations for Chemotherapy Side-Effects/Risks: | |  | | | | Amino Acid / Protein | Glutamine | In high doses, glutamine helps prevent the devastating damage to the gastrointestinal tract that results from chemotherapy. |
L-Carnitine | Treatment with L-carnitine for 7 days at 4gm per day ameliorated chemotherapy-induced fatigue until the next cycle of chemotherapy in a study of 50 patients who received cisplatin or ifosfamide. [Br J Cancer 2002;86(12): pp.1854-1857] |
| Botanical |
Ginseng, Korean - Chinese / Asian (Panax ginseng) | The use of Asian ginseng provides a protective effect from the stress of drug and radiation therapies. |
Medicinal Mushrooms | The mushroom Coriolus versicolor contains an immune-stimulating substance called polysaccharide krestin, or PSK. PSK has been shown in several studies to help cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. One study involved women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. PSK combined with chemotherapy significantly prolonged survival time compared with chemotherapy alone. [Cancer 1992;70: pp.2475–83] Another study followed women with breast cancer who were given chemotherapy with or without PSK. The PSK-plus-chemotherapy group had a 25% better chance of survival after ten years compared with those taking chemotherapy without PSK.[Anticancer Res 1995;15: pp.2907–12] Another study looked at people who had surgically removed colon cancer. They were given chemotherapy with or without PSK. Those given PSK had a longer disease-free period and longer survival time. PSK has also been reported to prevent the toxic effects of some chemotherapy agents (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and Adriamycin) on blood cells in patients with breast cancer. [Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35: pp.123–30] Three grams of PSK were taken orally each day in these studies.
Although PSK is available without prescription in the United States, it is usually not found in health food stores. Through special suppliers to the medical profession, however, PSK can be obtained from doctors of natural medicine. Most but not all Coriolus versicolor extracts contain less than the high level of active ingredient (at least 30% protein-bound polysaccharides) found in PSK. |
Ganoderma Lucidum
Astragalus Root (Astragalus membrinaceus) | Astragalus reduces bone marrow supression and gastrointestinal toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiation. Research has also shown that subjects with advanced cancer showed a two to three fold increase in the strength of their immune response after being given astragalus. A second study showed that astragalus boosted immune response, even in animals that were treated with an immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide. Astragalus is taken in China by cancer patients to boost immunity after drug or radiation treatment. |
Coneflower (Echinacea purpura) | Echinacea is a popular immune-boosting herb that has been investigated for use with chemotherapy. One study looked at the effects of cyclophosphamide, echinacea, and thymus gland extracts to treat advanced cancer patients. Although small and uncontrolled, this trial suggested that the combination modestly extended the life span of some patients with inoperable cancers. Signs of restoration of immune function were seen in these patients. [Cancer Invest 1992;10: pp.343-48] |
| Nutrient |
Beta-Carotene | Chemotherapy frequently causes mouth sores. In one trial, people were given approximately 400,000 IU of beta-carotene per day for three weeks and then 125,000 IU per day for an additional four weeks. Those taking beta-carotene still suffered mouth sores, but the mouth sores developed later and tended to be less severe than mouth sores that formed in people receiving the same chemotherapy without beta-carotene. |
| Vitamins |
Antioxidants | A number of people have been concerned about the possible interference of antioxidants with chemotherapy and radiation effectiveness. A large formal review of the medical literature was done by Drs Lamson and Brignall, both Naturopathic Doctors and published in Alternative Medicine Reviews, 1999;4(5): pp.304-329. The results showed that there were actually only 3 specific chemotherpy treatments that interfered with the conventional chemotherapy, usually they actually helped. Their conclusion follows.
"Frequently, the effects of using antioxidants concurrent with chemotherapy and radiation are synergistic. Except for three specific interactions outlined above (flavonoids with tamoxifen, NAC with doxorubicin, and beta-carotene with 5-fluorouracil), there is no evidence to date showing that natural antioxidants interfere with conventional cancer therapeutics in vivo. Studies have shown patients treated with antioxidants, with or without chemotherapy and radiation, have many benefits. Patients have been noted to tolerate standard treatment better, experience less weight loss, have a better quality of life, and most importantly, live longer than patients receiving no supplements. It is time to research the role of these agents in conventional oncologic treatment, rather than dismiss them as a class based on theoretical concerns."
Taking ACES (Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and selenium) before and during therapy has been helpful in decreasing the toxicity of chemotherapy, while increasing its effectiveness.
Applying vitamin E topically to mouth sores twice per day leads to complete healing in six out of nine people, compared with only one of nine taking placebo. Applying vitamin E only once per day was helpful to only some groups of patients in another trial, but not all studies have found vitamin E to be effective. |
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KEY |  | Weak or unproven link |  |  | Strong or generally accepted link |  |  | Proven definite or direct link |  |  | Very strongly or absolutely counter-indicative |  |  | May do some good |  |  | Likely to help |
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